Clean Fuels for Mobility

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I General
1 Introduction to Clean Fuels for Mobility
2 Sustainable Fuels in Private Transportation–Present and Future Potential
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		2.1.2 Global Vehicle Fleet and Its Characteristics
	2.2 Direct Fuel Substitutes
		2.2.1 Ethanol
		2.2.2 Biodiesel
	2.3 Other Alternative Fuels
		2.3.1 Electricity
		2.3.2 Green Hydrogen
		2.3.3 Biogas
	2.4 Comparison of the Analyzed Alternative Fuels
		2.4.1 Travel Economy
		2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Fuels
	2.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
3 Fuels for Sustainable Transport in India
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Sustainability and Reliability of a Fuel
	3.2 Various Technical Parameters of a Fuel
		3.2.1 Physico-chemical Parameters
		3.2.2 Ignition Parameters
		3.2.3 Safety Parameters
	3.3 Alternative Transport Energy Sources in India
		3.3.1 Fossil-Based Fuels
		3.3.2 Non-fossil Based Fuels
	3.4 Futuristic Energy Sources for India
		3.4.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
		3.4.2 Ethanol
		3.4.3 Hydrogen
	3.5 Discussion
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Part II Biofuels for Sustainable Mobility
4 Alternative Refinery Process of Fuel Catalytic Upgrade in Aqueous Media
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Octane Boosters
		4.2.1 Historical Overview—Environmental Legislation
		4.2.2 Gasoline Ether Oxygenates (GEOs)
	4.3 Alternative Fuel Upgrade
		4.3.1 Applied Heterogenized Homogeneous Catalysis
		4.3.2 Materials and Methods
		4.3.3 Results and Discussion
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Ethanol Derived from Municipal Solid Waste for Sustainable Mobility
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation and Disposal
		5.1.2 Waste to Energy and Mobility Fuel
		5.1.3 Objectives
	5.2 MSW to Ethanol Conversion
	5.3 Methods
		5.3.1 Scope and Functional Unit
		5.3.2 Waste Composition
		5.3.3 Life Cycle Inventory
	5.4 Results and Discussion
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Bioethanol from Wastes for Mobility: Europe on the Road to Sustainability
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Biofuels: Current and Prospective Status
		6.2.1 The Biofuel Concept
		6.2.2 Biofuels as Main Driving Forces for a Bio-based Economy
		6.2.3 The Role of Biofuels in the Transport Sector
		6.2.4 EU Policies and Directives on Biofuels
		6.2.5 The Evolution of the Biofuels Market
	6.3 Bioethanol from Wastes
		6.3.1 Cellulosic Ethanol from Wastes: The Current Scenario
		6.3.2 Other Unexploited Wastes: The Particular Case of Portugal
		6.3.3 Main Challenges Related to the Conversion of Wastes into Cellulosic Ethanol
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
7 Bio-derived and Waste Fats Use for the Production of Drop-In Fuels
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 About the Mechanism of Fats Cracking
	7.3 Pyrolytic Conversion of Fatty Acids to Drop-In Fuels
		7.3.1 A Concise History of the First Studies on Triglycerides Cracking
		7.3.2 Thermals Cracking of Fatty Acids
		7.3.3 From Waste to Value: Use of Waste Streams Source for Drop-In Fuels Production via Fats Pyrolysis
		7.3.4 Catalytic Upgrading of Thermal Cracked Fats
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8 Biodiesel as a Clean Fuel for Mobility
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sustainability of Biodiesel Engines
	8.3 The Power Output in the CI Combustion of Biodiesel
	8.4 The Emission Level in the CI Combustion of Biodiesel
		8.4.1 PM Emission
		8.4.2 NOx Emission
		8.4.3 CO Emission
		8.4.4 HC Emission
	8.5 Biodiesel and Low-Temperature Combustion Engines
	8.6 Conclusions
	References
Part III Biogas for Sustainable Mobility
9 Ammonia for Decarbonized Maritime Transportation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Ammonia: History, Production, Properties, and Applications
		9.2.1 History of Ammonia as a Fuel
		9.2.2 Production of Ammonia
		9.2.3 Properties of Ammonia
		9.2.4 Ammonia-Fuelled Studies
		9.2.5 Ammonia Projects and Industrial Developments
	9.3 Discussion
		9.3.1 Barriers and Facilitators
		9.3.2 Comparison of Promising Alternative Marine Fuels
	9.4 Summary
	References
10 Biogas as a Sustainable and Renewable Energy Source
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Agricultural Biogas Plants and the Anaerobic Digestion Process
		10.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
		10.2.2 Components of a Biogas Plant
	10.3 Substrates for Biogas Production
		10.3.1 Agricultural Sector
		10.3.2 Agri-Food Sector
		10.3.3 Innovative Substrates
	10.4 Products of the Anaerobic Digestion Process
		10.4.1 Biogas
		10.4.2 Digestate
	10.5 Application of Biogas
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11 Natural Gas as a Clean Fuel for Mobility
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Natural Gas in SI Engines
		11.2.1 Performance
		11.2.2 Emissions
	11.3 NG Fuel in the CI Engines
		11.3.1 Performance
		11.3.2 Emissions
	11.4 The NG/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines
		11.4.1 Emissions
		11.4.2 NOx
		11.4.3 CO
		11.4.4 HC
		11.4.5 PM
	11.5 Conclusions
	References