Denial of justice in international law

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 10
1 The renaissance of a cause of action......Page 29
Absence of a universal standard......Page 38
Right and might in the law of nations......Page 41
Objections of weak states......Page 46
The Calvo Doctrine and Clause......Page 48
The impulse to limit the scope of denial of justice......Page 52
Modern political realities......Page 54
Summary......Page 64
State responsibility for the conduct of the judiciary......Page 66
Denial of justice by non-judicial authority......Page 72
Extension of locus standi......Page 81
Overview......Page 85
The difficult emergence of a general international standard......Page 87
An evolving standard......Page 96
Relationship with specific rights created by international law......Page 97
No responsibility for misapplication of national law......Page 101
Demise of substantive denial of justice......Page 109
Judgments in breach of international law......Page 112
Judgments in breach of national law......Page 115
State responsibility for subdivisions......Page 118
Attempts at codification......Page 121
Summary......Page 126
The case for exhaustion......Page 128
Loewen and the problem of waiver......Page 130
Exhaustion as a substantive requirement of denial of justice......Page 135
The qualification of reasonableness......Page 140
Application of the reasonableness qualification in Loewen......Page 148
No fresh starts at the international level......Page 154
Effect of forks in the road......Page 155
Summary......Page 158
6 Denial of justice by outside interference......Page 159
Jurisprudence under human rights treaties......Page 161
Denial of access to justice......Page 162
Absolute denial of access through state immunity......Page 166
Targeted legislation......Page 175
Repudiation by a state of an agreement to arbitrate......Page 177
Governmental interference......Page 185
Manipulation of the composition of courts......Page 191
Excessive public pressure......Page 192
Failure to execute judgments......Page 196
Inadequate measures against perpetrators of crimes against foreigners......Page 198
Wrongful measures of physical coercion......Page 201
Refusal to judge......Page 204
Delay......Page 205
Illegitimate assertion of jurisdiction......Page 206
Fundamental breaches of due process......Page 208
Discrimination or prejudice......Page 220
Corruption......Page 223
Arbitrariness......Page 224
Retroactive application of laws......Page 227
Gross incompetence......Page 228
Pretence of form......Page 230
Summary......Page 232
General principles: restitutio, damnum emergens, lucrum cessans......Page 235
Vicarious damage and deterrence......Page 240
Illustrative precedents......Page 243
Amco II and proximate cause......Page 246
Summary......Page 254
Anti-international challenges......Page 256
Responses to the anti-international critiques......Page 260
The urgency of prudence......Page 269
Respect for the 'obscure arbiter' as a test of commitment to the international rule of law......Page 280
The early American example......Page 284
Conclusions......Page 289
Summary......Page 293
Bibliography......Page 294
Index......Page 302