Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco-biotechnology, Second Revised and Expanded Edition

Preface to the Second Edition
......Page 8
Preface to the First Edition
......Page 10
Contents
......Page 12
1.1 Pharmacognosy-A Brief History
......Page 20
1.2.1 Serve as Extremely Useful Natural Drugs......Page 24
1.2.3 Exploration of Biological–Active–Prototypes towards Newer and Better Synthetic Drugs......Page 29
1.2.4 Modificaton of Inactive Natural Products by Suitable Biological/Chemical Means into Potent Drugs......Page 32
1.3.1 Plant Products......Page 34
1.3.3 Microbial Metabolites......Page 35
1.3.4 Animal Derivatives......Page 37
1.4 Phytochemistry
......Page 38
1.4.1 Constituents......Page 40
2.1 Introduction
......Page 60
2.2 Theory
......Page 61
2.2.2 Third Revolution in Modern Medicine......Page 62
2.2.5 Reverse Transcriptase (RT)......Page 63
2.2.7 From Nervous System to Immune System......Page 64
2.2.11 Recombinant Vaccination Vector......Page 65
2.3.2 Restriction Enzymes......Page 66
2.3.4 Cloning Vector......Page 67
2.3.5 Hybridization Probes......Page 68
2.3.6 Cloning Process......Page 69
2.4.1 Bacterial Systems......Page 77
2.4.2 Glycosylation......Page 78
2.5 Biotechnology Vs Modern Pharmacy Practice
......Page 79
2.5.1 Human Proteins as Drugs......Page 80
2.5.2 New Drug Classes......Page 82
2.5.3 Vaccines......Page 83
2.5.4 New Immunodiagnostic Agents......Page 85
2.5.5 DNA Probes and RFLP Analysis......Page 87
2.5.6 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)......Page 88
2.6 Biotechnology Based Pharmaceuticlas for the Millennium
......Page 90
2.6.1 Genetically Engineered Vaccine......Page 91
2.6.2 Gene Splicing and DNA Recombinant Procedures......Page 92
2.6.3 Antibodies in Biotechnology......Page 94
2.6.4 Gene Therapy......Page 96
2.6.5 3D Picture of the ‘Lock’ and ‘Keys’......Page 97
2.7.1 Approved Medicines......Page 98
2.7.3 Human Clone......Page 99
2.8.2 Functional Food Revolution......Page 101
3.1 Introductioin
......Page 103
3.2.1 Homoglycans......Page 105
3.2.2 Heteroglycans......Page 119
3.3 Carbohydrate Biogenesis
......Page 138
4.1 Introduction
......Page 141
4.1.3 N-Glycosides......Page 144
4.1.4 C-Glycosides......Page 145
4.2.1 Anthracene Glycosides (or Anthraquinone Glycosides)......Page 146
4.2.2 Phenol Glycosides......Page 158
4.2.3 Steroid Glycosides......Page 163
4.2.4 Flavonoid Glycosides......Page 176
4.2.5 Coumarin and Furanocoumarin Glycosides......Page 187
4.2.6 Cyanogenetic Glycosides......Page 192
4.2.7 Thioglycosides......Page 198
4.2.8 Saponin Glycosides......Page 201
4.2.9 Aldehyde Glycosides
......Page 214
4.2.10 Bitter Glycosides......Page 215
4.2.11 Miscellaneous Glycosides......Page 219
4.3 Biosynthesis of Glycosides
......Page 221
4.3.1 Biosynthesis of Anthracene Glycosides
......Page 222
4.3.4 Biosynthesis of Flavonoid Glycosides......Page 223
4.3.5 Biosynthesis of Coumarin and Furanocoumarin Glycosides......Page 224
4.3.6 Biosynthesis of Cyanogenetic Glycosides......Page 226
4.3.8 Biosynthesis of Saponin Glycosides......Page 228
4.4 Profile of Glycosides in Natural Plant Sources
......Page 229
5.1 Introduction
......Page 234
5.2.1 Monoterpenoids......Page 237
5.2.2 Sesquiterpenoids......Page 247
5.2.3 Diterpenoids......Page 252
5.2.4 Triterpenoids......Page 255
5.2.5 Tetraterpenoids and Carotenoids......Page 257
5.2.6 Volatile Oils (or Essential Oils)......Page 259
5.2.7 Resins and Resin Combinations......Page 325
5.2.8 Oleoresins......Page 342
5.2.9 Oleo-Gum-Resins......Page 347
6.2 Classification
......Page 359
6.2.1 Hydroxycinnamic Acids......Page 360
6.2.2 Phenylpropenes
......Page 363
6.2.3 Coumarins......Page 364
6.2.4 Abridged Phenylpropanoids......Page 373
6.2.5 Biphenylpropanoid Derivatives......Page 380
6.2.6 High Molecular Weight Phenylpropanoids......Page 385
6.3 Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids
......Page 388
7.1 Introduction
......Page 391
7.1.2 Occurrence and Distribution in Different Organ’s of Plant......Page 393
7.1.4 Function of Alkaloids in Plants......Page 396
7.1.5 Isomerism......Page 397
7.1.6 General Characteristics of Alkaloids......Page 399
7.1.7 General Methods of Extraction and Isolation of Alkaloids......Page 408
7.2 Classification of Alkaloids
......Page 414
7.2.1 Alkaloids Derived from Amination Reactions......Page 420
7.2.2 Alkaloids Derived from Anthranilic Acid......Page 446
7.2.3 Alkaloids Derived from Histidine......Page 455
7.2.4 Alkaloids Derived from Lysine......Page 460
7.2.5 Alkaloids Derived from Nicotinic Acid......Page 473
7.2.6 Alkaloids Derived from Ornithine......Page 480
7.2.7 Alkaloids Derived from Tyrosine......Page 494
7.2.8 Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan......Page 514
7.3 Alkaloids in Tissue Cultures
......Page 561
7.4 Alkaloids in Chemosystematics
......Page 562
8.2 Classification of Bitter Principles
......Page 566
8.2.1 Phenolic Bitter Principles......Page 567
8.2.2 Lactone Bitter Principles......Page 569
8.2.3 Chromone Bitter Principles......Page 572
8.2.4 Coumarin Bitter Principles......Page 575
8.2.5 Coumarone Bitter Principles......Page 578
8.2.6 Miscellaneous Bitter Principles......Page 580
9.1 Introduction
......Page 587
9.2.1 Quest for New Antibiotics......Page 588
9.2.2 Large-Scale Production......Page 590
9.3.1 Aminoglycosides
......Page 598
9.3.2 Anthracyclines......Page 609
9.3.3 Cephalosporins......Page 615
9.3.4 β-Lactams......Page 630
9.3.5 Lincosamides......Page 635
9.3.6 Macrolides......Page 637
9.3.7 Penicillins......Page 644
9.3.8 Polypeptide Antibiotics......Page 660
9.3.9 Tetracyclines......Page 668
9.3.10 Miscellaneous Antibiotics......Page 676
10.1 Introduction
......Page 714
10.2.1 Cytotoxic/Antineoplastic Agents......Page 715
10.2.2 Cardiovascular Active Drugs......Page 720
10.2.3 Marine Toxins......Page 728
10.2.4 Antimicrobial Drugs......Page 735
10.2.5 Antibiotic Substances......Page 737
10.2.6 Antiinflammatory and Antispasmodic Agents......Page 739
10.2.7 Miscellaneous Pharmacologically Active Substances......Page 740
10.3.1 Microbial Transformations......Page 745
10.3.2 Puupehenone: Semisynthetic Analogues
......Page 748
10.4 Summary
......Page 752
11.1 Introduction
......Page 754
11.2 Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals
......Page 756
11.2.1 Terpenoids (or Isoprenoids)......Page 757
11.2.2 Non-Carotenoid Terpenoids......Page 761
11.2.3 Polyphenolics [or Polyphenol Extracts]......Page 763
11.2.4 Phenolic Acids......Page 770
11.2.5 Non-Flavonoid Polyphenolics......Page 772
11.2.6 Glucosinolates [or Thioglucosides]......Page 774
11.2.7 Thiosulphinates [or Cysteine Sulphoxides]......Page 778
11.2.8 Phytosterols......Page 779
11.2.9 Anthraquinones......Page 780
11.2.10 Glucosamine [Synonym: Chitosamine;]......Page 782
11.2.11 Octacosanol [Synonym: Octacosyl Alcohol]......Page 783
11.2.12 Carnitine [Synonym: g-Trimethyl-b-hydroxybutyrobetaine;]......Page 784
11.2.13 Capsaicin [Synonyms: Axsain; Mioton; Zacin; Zostrix;]......Page 786
11.2.15 Chlorophyll......Page 787
11.2.18 Tocotrienols and Tocopherols......Page 789
11.2.19 a-Lipoic Acid and Ubiquinones......Page 790
11.3 Contemporary Nutraceuticals
......Page 791
11.3.2 Broccoli......Page 792
11.3.3 Aloe Vera Gel and Aloe Juice......Page 793
11.3.5 Omega-3 Fatty Acids......Page 795
11.3.8 Certified Organic Mushroom Nutrace......Page 796
12.1 Introduction
......Page 798
12.2 Enzyme Variants
......Page 801
12.3 Enzymes of Pharmaceutical Relevance and Utility
......Page 802
12.4.3 Collagenase......Page 803
12.4.7 Muramidase......Page 804
12.4.9 Pancreatin......Page 805
12.4.13 Seratiopeptidase......Page 806
12.4.15 Urokinase......Page 807
12.5 Introduction
......Page 808
12.6 Protein Variants
......Page 809
12.7.1 Complement Protein (Complement Factor C-3)[Latin; Complere = to Complete]......Page 810
12.7.3 Collagen [Synonym: Ossien]: (Greek: kolla = glue, + gennan = toproduce)......Page 811
12.7.4 Casein [Latin: caseus = cheese]......Page 812
12.7.6 Yeast......Page 813
12.7.7 Thaumatin [Synonym: Talin;]......Page 814
13.1 Introduction
......Page 816
13.2.1 Type of Cultures......Page 819
13.2.2 Composition of Culture Medium......Page 820
13.2.3 Surface Sterilization of Explants*......Page 822
13.2.4 Preparation of Tissue Cultures......Page 823
13.3 Biomedicinals in Plant-Tissue Cultures
......Page 824
13.3.1 Secondary Metabolites......Page 825
13.3.2 Usefulness of Secondary Metabolites......Page 827
13.3.3 Secondary Metabolites in Chemosystematics......Page 828
13.3.4 Newer Products Developed......Page 829
13.4 Bioproduction of Commendable Secondary Metabolites
......Page 830
14.1 Introduction
......Page 833
14.2 High Throughput Screening (HTS)
......Page 834
14.2.1 HTS and Bioassays......Page 835
14.2.2 Access to Plants vis-a-vis Natural Source Materials......Page 836
14.2.3 HTS and Selection for Plant Materials......Page 837
14.2.4 Identification Process of Plants for Targeted Sets......Page 838
14.3 Success of HTS of Plant Source Materials for New Lead Chemical Entities
......Page 839
14.3.1 Use of MS for Identification of Potent Biologically Active andImportant Drug Molecules
......Page 840
14.4.1 Genistein [Syn. Genisteol; Prunetol;]......Page 841
14.4.3 Rhein [Syn: Monorhein; Rheic Acid; Cassic Acid; Parietic Acid; Rhubarb Yellow]......Page 842
14.4.5 Homoharringtonine (HHT)......Page 843
15.1 Introduction
......Page 846
15.2.1 Cardiovascular Drugs......Page 847
15.2.3 Antidiabetic Drugs......Page 849
15.2.4 Antineoplastic Drugs......Page 850
15.2.5 Antiviral Drugs......Page 851
Index
......Page 854