Experience Human Development

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1 About Human Development
	chapter 1 The Study of Human Development
		Human Development: An Evolving Field
			Studying the Life Span
		Basic Concepts in Human Development
			Domains of Development
			Periods of the Life Span
		Influences on Development
			Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
			Contexts of Development
			Normative and Nonnormative Influences
			Timing of Influences
		The Life-Span Developmental Approach
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Intersectionality and Inequity in Human Development
		Window on the World The World within Our Borders: Immigration
	chapter 2 Theory and Research
		Basic Theoretical Issues
			Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
			Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
		Theoretical Perspectives
			Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
			Perspective 2: Learning
			Perspective 3: Cognitive
			Perspective 4: Contextual
			Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
		Research Methods
			Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Sampling
			Forms of Data Collection
			Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
			Basic Research Designs
			Developmental Research Designs
		Research Issues
			Diversity in Research
			The Open Science Movement and the Reproducibility Crisis
			Research Ethics
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cross-Cultural Research
		Research in Action Broadening the Narrative: Diversity in Psychological Research
Part 2 Beginnings
	chapter 3 Forming a New Life
		Conceiving New Life
			Cultural Beliefs About Conception
			Fertilization
			Assisted Reproductive Technologies
			Multiple Births
		Mechanisms of Heredity
			The Genetic Code
			Sex Determination
			Patterns of Genetic Transmission
			Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Genetic Counseling and Testing
		Studying the Influences of Heredity and Environment
			Measuring Heritability
			How Heredity and the Environment Work Together
			Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment
		Prenatal Development
			Cultural Beliefs about Prenatal Development
			Stages of Prenatal Development
			Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors
			Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors
		Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Indigenous Motherhood
		Window on the World Prenatal Care around the World
	chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years
		Childbirth, Culture, and Change
		The Birth Process
			Stages of Childbirth
			Electronic Fetal Monitoring
			Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
			Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
			Childbirth and the COVID-19 Pandemic
		The Newborn Baby
			Size and Appearance
			Body Systems
			Medical and Behavioral Assessment
			States of Arousal
		Complications of Childbirth
			Low Birth Weight
			Postmaturity
			Stillbirth
		Survival and Health
			Infant Mortality
			Immunization for Better Health
		Early Physical Development
			Principles of Development
			Physical Growth
			Nutrition
			Building the Brain
			Early Sensory Capacities
		Motor Development
			Milestones of Motor Development
			Motor Development and Perception
			Theories of Motor Development
			Ethnic and Cultural Influences on Motor Development
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Where to Lay You Down to Sleep? Sleep Customs across the World
		Research in Action Should I Stay or Should I Go: Disparities in the Use of Parental Leave
	chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
		Studying Cognitive Development
		Behaviorist Approach
			Classical and Operant Conditioning
			Research Applications
		Psychometric Approach
			Testing Infants and Toddlers
			Assessing the Early Home Environment
			Early Intervention
		Piagetian Approach
			Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
			Object Concept
			Imitation
			Symbolic Development
			Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
		Information-Processing Approach
			Habituation
			Tools of Infant Research
			Perceptual and Attentional Processes
			Cross-Modal Transfer
			Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
			Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities
			Evaluating Information-Processing Research
		Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
		Social-Contextual Approach
		Language Development
			Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate
			Sequence of Early Language Development
			Variations in Language Development
			Characteristics of Early Speech
			Influences on Early Language Development
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Strength versus Deficit: Contextualizing Research in Language Development
		Window on the World Literacy and Language
	chapter 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
		Foundations of Psychosocial Development
			Early Emotional Development
			Temperament
			Early Social Experiences: The Family
			Gender
		Developmental Issues in Infancy
			Developing Trust
			Developing Attachments
			Mutual Regulation
			Social Referencing
		Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
			The Emerging Sense of Self
			Development of Autonomy
			Moral Development and Socialization
		Relationships with Other Children
			Siblings
			Peers
		Children of Working Parents
			Effects of Maternal Employment
			Early Child Care
		Child Maltreatment
			Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
			Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Cultural Considerations in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Window on the World The Terrible Twos Might Not Be That Bad
Part 3 Early Childhood
	chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Aspects of Physical Development
			Bodily Growth and Change
			Sleep
			Brain Development
			Motor Skills
		Health and Safety
			Obesity and Overweight
			Undernutrition
			Food Allergies
			Oral Health
			Deaths and Accidental Injuries
			Environmental Influences
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
			Piagetian Approach
			Advances of Preoperational Thought
			Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
			Theory of Mind
		Memory
			Basic Processes and Capacities
			Metamemory
			Executive Functioning
			Childhood Memories
		Intelligence
			Psychometric Measures of Intelligence
			Influences on Measured Intelligence
			Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory
		Language Development
			Vocabulary
			Grammar and Syntax
			Pragmatics and Social Speech
			Private Speech
			Speech and Language Delays
			Emergent Literacy
		Early Childhood Education
			Cultural Variations in Early Education
			Preschool
			Kindergarten
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Health Risks of Screen Time During COVID-19
		Window on the World The First 5 Years
	chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
		The Developing Self
			The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development
			Self-Esteem
			Regulating Emotions
			Understanding Emotions
			Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
		Gender
			Sex Differences
			Perspectives on Gender Development
		Play
			Cognitive Levels of Play
			The Social Dimension of Play
			Gender and Play
			Culture and Play
		Parenting
			Forms of Discipline
			Parenting Styles
		Relationships with Other Children
			Sibling Relationships
			The Only Child
			Playmates and Friends
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Lights, Camera, Representation: BIPOC Children’s Exposure to Violent Digital Media
		Window on the World Age Segregation versus Mixed-Age Play
Part 4 Middle Childhood
	chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
			Aspects of Physical Development
			Height and Weight
			Dental Health
			Nutrition
			Sleep
			Brain Development
			Motor Development and Physical Activity
		Physical Health
			Overweight
			Chronic Medical Conditions
			Accidental Injuries
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Piagetian Approach: Cognition
			Cognitive Advances
		Information-Processing Approach: Planning, Attention, and Memory
			Executive Functioning
			Selective Attention
			Working Memory
			Mnemonics
			Metamemory
		Psychometric Approach: Intelligence
			Measuring Intelligence
			The IQ Controversy
			Influences on Intelligence
			Is There More Than One Intelligence?
		Language and Literacy
			Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
			Pragmatics
			Second-Language Learning
			Literacy
		The Child in School
			Influences on School Achievement
		Educating Children with Special Needs
			Children with Learning Problems
			Gifted Children
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Conceptions of Intelligence
		Research in Action Compounding Disadvantage: Educational Access in the Age of COVID-19
	chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
		The Developing Self
			Self-Concept Development
			Industry versus Inferiority
			Emotional Development
		The Child in the Family
			Family Atmosphere
			Family Structure
			Sibling Relationships
		The Child in the Peer Group
			Peer Groups
			Popularity
			Friendship
			Aggression and Bullying
		Mental Health
			Common Emotional Problems
			Treatment Techniques
			Resilience
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Bullying across the World
		Research in Action “The Talk”: Racial Socialization in African American Families
Part 5 Adolescence
	chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Adolescence
			Adolescence as a Social Construction
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Puberty
			Hormonal Changes in Puberty
			Puberty and Sexual Maturity
			Pubertal Timing
		The Adolescent Brain
		Physical and Mental Health
			Physical Activity
			Sleep
			Nutrition and Eating Disorders
			Drug Use
			Depression
			Death in Adolescence
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
			Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations
			Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought
			Language Development
			Moral Development and Prosocial Behavior
		Educational and Vocational Issues
			Academic Achievement
			Dropping Out of High School
			Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Culture and Cognition
		Research in Action Who Are You? Puberty and LGBTQ+ Identity Development
	chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
		The Search for Identity
			Identity versus Identity Confusion
			Identity Status
			Gender Differences in Identity Formation
			Identity Development in Sexual-Minority Youth
			Racial and Ethnic Differences in Identity Formation
			Cultural Differences in Identity Formation
		Sexuality
			Sexual Orientation
			Sexual Behavior
			Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Teen Pregnancy
			Other Risks of Adolescence
		Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Society
			The Myth of Adolescent Rebellion
			Adolescents and Parents
			Sibling Relationships
			Peer Relationships
		Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
			Biological Influences
			Environmental Influences
			Preventing and Treating Delinquency
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action LGBTQ+ Inclusivity in Sex Education
		Window on the World Culture and Discretionary Time
Part 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood
	chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
		Emerging Adulthood
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
			Health and Fitness
			Health Status
			Genetic Influences on Health
			Behavioral Influences on Health
			Indirect Influences on Health
			Mental Health Problems
		Sexual Issues
			Sexual Behavior and Attitudes
			Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Menstrual Disorders
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Perspectives on Adult Cognition
			Piagetian Approaches
			Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
			Emotional Intelligence
		Moral Reasoning
			The Three Ethics
		Education and Work
			College
			Entering the World of Work
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Hidden Disability: Rheumatoid Arthritis in Young Adults
		Window on the World Internet Addiction
	chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
		Developmental Tasks of Emerging Adulthood
			Paths to Adulthood
			Identity Development
		Personality Development: Four Views
			Normative-Stage Models
			Timing-of-Events Model
			Trait Models
			Typological Models
		Relationships in Emerging Adulthood
			Relationships with Parents
			Friendship
			Love
		Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles
			Single Life
			Nonheterosexual Relationships
			Cohabitation
			Marriage
		Parenthood
			Cultural and Contextual Influences
			Relationship Dynamics
		When Marriage Ends
			Divorce
			Remarriage and Stepparenthood
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Interracial Dating
		Window on the World Popular Wedding Traditions across Cultures
Part 7 Middle Adulthood
	chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
		Middle Age: A Social Construct
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Physical Changes
			Sensory Functioning
			Physical Fitness
			The Brain at Midlife
			Structural and Systemic Changes
			Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning
		Physical and Mental Health
			Physical Health at Midlife
			Behavioral Influences on Health
			Socioeconomic Status and Health
			Race/Ethnicity and Health
			Gender and Health
			Mental Health at Midlife
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Cognitive Development at Midlife
			Cognitive Performance
			Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
		The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition
			Expertise
			Integrative Thought
		Creativity
			Creativity and Age
		Work and Education
			Work and Retirement
			Work and Cognitive Development
			Adult Education
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Differences in Menopause
		Research in Action Hard Times: Financial Stress at Midlife
	chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
		Theoretical Models of Change at Midlife
			Normative-Stage Models
			Trait Models
			Timing of Events Models
		Issues and Themes at Midlife
			The Midlife Crisis?
			Identity Development
			Positive Mental Health at Midlife
		Relationships at Midlife
			Theories of Social Contact
			Relationships and Well-Being
		Consensual Relationships
			Marriage
			Cohabitation
			Divorce
			Friendships
		Relationships with Maturing Children
			Adolescent Children
			The Empty Nest
			Adult Children
			Voluntary Childlessness
		Other Kinship Ties
			Aging Parents
			Siblings
			Grandparenthood
		summary and key terms
		Research in Action Body Image and Well-Being at Midlife
		Window on the World The Global Sandwich Generation
Part 8 Late Adulthood
	chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
		Old Age Today
			The Graying of the Population
			Conceptualization of Aging
		PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
		Longevity and Aging
			Correlates of Life Expectancy
			Theories of Aging
			Extending the Human Life Span
		Physical Changes
			Organic and Systemic Changes
			The Aging Brain
			Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning
			Sleep
			Sexual Functioning
		Physical and Mental Health
			Health Status
			Chronic Conditions and Disabilities
			Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity
			Mental and Behavioral Problems
		COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
		Cognitive Changes
			Intelligence and Processing Abilities
			Memory
			Wisdom
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Elder Care Worldwide
		Research in Action The Psychological Consequences of Hearing Loss
	chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
		Personality Development in Late Adulthood
			Ego Integrity versus Despair
			Personality Traits in Old Age
		Well-Being in Late Adulthood
			Well-Being in Sexual Minorities
			The Effect of Religion and Spirituality on Well-Being
			Coping and Mental Health
			Models of Successful Aging
		Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging
			Work and Retirement
			Financial Concerns
			Living Arrangements
			Elder Abuse
		Personal Relationships in Late Life
			Theories of Social Contact and Support
			Relationships and Health
			The Multigenerational Family
		Marital and Long-Term Relationships
			Marriage
			Widowhood
			Divorce and Remarriage
		Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships
			Single Life
			Cohabitation
			Friendships
		Nonmarital Kinship Ties
			Relationships with Adult Children
			Relationships with Siblings
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Aging Stereotypes Worldwide
		Research in Action Technology and Aging in Place
Part 9 The End of Life
	chapter 19 Dealing with Death and Bereavement
		The Meaning of Death and Dying
			The Cultural Context
			The Mortality Revolution
		Facing Death and Loss
			Factors Preceding Death
			Confronting One’s Own Death
			Patterns of Grieving
			Responses to Death across the Life Span
		Significant Losses
			Surviving a Spouse
			Losing a Parent in Adulthood
			Losing a Child
			Mourning a Miscarriage
		Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues
			Suicide
			Hastening Death
		Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death
			Life Review
			Development: A Lifelong Process
		summary and key terms
		Window on the World Cultural Variations in Funeral Customs
		Research in Action Cultural Influences on Children’s Understanding of Death
Glossary
Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index