Mexican Fauna in the Anthropocene

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: The Mexican Fauna in the Anthropocene, Where Do We Go from Here?
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 History of the Anthropocene in Mexico
		1.3 Final Remarks
		References
Part II: Faunal Groups
	Chapter 2: The Fauna of Arachnids in the Anthropocene of Mexico
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 The “Small Arachnids”
		2.3 The Opilionids
		2.4 The Scorpions
			2.4.1 Scorpion Diversity
			2.4.2 Synanthropic scorpions
			2.4.3 Scorpion Conservation
		2.5 Mexican Spiders: Current Knowledge and Perspectives
			2.5.1 Taxonomy and Diversity
			2.5.2 Diversity Studies, Habitats, and Ecological Aspects
			2.5.3 Threatened or Endangered Spiders
			2.5.4 Spiders of Medical Importance
			2.5.5 Anthropic Effects on Spiders
			2.5.6 Final Considerations
		2.6 Mexican Mites and Ticks
		References
	Chapter 3: Mexican Insects in the Anthropocene
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Conservation Status and Future of the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.): A Mexican Perspective
		3.3 Mexican Dung Beetles in the Anthropocene (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
		3.4 Leaf Litter Insects of Montane Forests: Loss of Hyper-diverse Assemblages
		3.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Threats and Conservation Status of Freshwater Crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in Mexico
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Current Threats and Conservation Challenges
			4.2.1 Introduced Species
			4.2.2 Freshwater Extraction and Increased Rate of Desiccation
			4.2.3 Pollution
			4.2.4 Vulnerable and Restricted Habitats
			4.2.5 Habitat Modification (Channelization, Damming, Desiccation)
		4.3 Conservation Status
		References
	Chapter 5: The Freshwater Mollusks of Mexico: Can We Still Prevent Their Silent Extinction?
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Mexican Freshwater Molluscan Fauna
			5.2.1 Freshwater Gastropods
			5.2.2 Freshwater Bivalves
		5.3 Diversity Hotspots
		5.4 Conservation
			5.4.1 Status
			5.4.2 Major Threats
			5.4.3 What Is the Real Situation of the Mexican Mollusks?
			5.4.4 Conservation Efforts
		5.5 Conclusion
			5.5.1 Can We Still Stop the Silent Extinction of the Mexican Mollusks?
			5.5.2 Can We Change Our Philosophical Approach to be More Inclusive?
		References
	Chapter 6: Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico: Diversity and Conservation
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Diversity and Endemism
		6.3 Conservation Status of Mexican Amphibians and Reptiles
		6.4 Main Threats for Mexican Amphibians and Reptiles
		6.5 Axolotls
		6.6 Sea Turtles
		References
	Chapter 7: Mexican Freshwater Fishes in the Anthropocene
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Freshwater Fishes: Diversity and Conservation Status
			7.1.2 Freshwater Ecosystems in Mexico
			7.1.3 Mexican Freshwater Fauna
			7.1.4 Human Impacts and Conservation Status of Mexican Freshwater Fauna
		7.2 Case Study
			7.2.1 Evaluation of the Human Footprint in Three Freshwater Ecoregions
			7.2.2 Case Study Ecoregions
			7.2.3 Freshwater Fish Diversity and Conservation Status
			7.2.4 Human Footprint and Freshwater Fishes’ Vulnerability
			7.2.5 Results and Discussion
				7.2.5.1 Freshwater Fish Diversity
				7.2.5.2 Conservation Status and Extinction Risk of the Ecoregions
				7.2.5.3 Fish Assemblage Vulnerability
				7.2.5.4 Case Study Conclusions
		7.3 General Conclusions
			7.3.1 Research Gaps of the Studied Regions
			7.3.2 Conservation Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 8: Mexican Avifauna of the Anthropocene
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Mexico’s Megadiverse Avifauna
		8.3 Historical Implementation of Studies of Anthropogenic Disturbances
			8.3.1 Habitat Transformation and Urbanization
			8.3.2 Climate Change
			8.3.3 Pollution
			8.3.4 Biological Invasions
		8.4 Are Natural Protected Areas the Best Conservation Strategy?
		8.5 Challenges and Future Opportunities
		8.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Marine Birds
		9.1 Introduction
			9.1.1 Seabirds as Indicators
		9.2 Current Status
		9.3 Threats and Conservation Actions
			9.3.1 Climate Change
			9.3.2 Contaminants
				9.3.2.1 Organochlorines
				9.3.2.2 Heavy Metals (Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead)
				9.3.2.3 Oil Spills
				9.3.2.4 Emerging Pollutants
		9.4 Fisheries, Overfishing, and Bycatch
			9.4.1 Bycatch Reduction
		9.5 Invasive Species
			9.5.1 Threats
			9.5.2 Impacts
			9.5.3 Eradication and Monitoring
			9.5.4 Future Threats
		9.6 Harvesting
		9.7 Light Attraction
		9.8 Other Sources of Disturbance
			9.8.1 Hormones and Sleep
			9.8.2 Tourism
		9.9 Conservation Policy
			9.9.1 Marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)
				9.9.1.1 Endangered and Priority Species Lists and Legislation Reform
		References
	Chapter 10: Mexican Terrestrial Mammals in the Anthropocene
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Terrestrial Mammals in the Anthropocene
		10.2 Diversity and Extinction Risk of Mexican Mammals in the Anthropocene
		10.3 Tolerance to Human Environments
			10.3.1 Virginia Opossum
			10.3.2 Coyote
			10.3.3 Greater Grison
			10.3.4 Jaguar
			10.3.5 White-Lipped Peccaries
			10.3.6 Michoacan Gopher
		10.4 Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 11: Mexican Bats: Threats in the Anthropocene
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Material and Methods
		11.3 Results and Discussion
			11.3.1 Effect of Land Use Change on Mexican Bats
			11.3.2 Effect of Pollution on Mexican Bat Diversity
			11.3.3 Climate Change
			11.3.4 Human–Bat Conflicts
			11.3.5 Human Infrastructure and Their Impact on the Mexican Bats
		11.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
Part III: Ecosystems
	Chapter 12: Impacts of Land Use and Cover Change on Land Mammal Distribution Ranges Across Mexican Ecosystems
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Species Richness and Overall Conservation Status of Land Mammals in Mexico
		12.3 Distribution Range of Land Mammals and Changes in Vegetation Cover
			12.3.1 Limited Distribution with Low Habitat Transformation and Low Representation in Tropical Forests
			12.3.2 Wide Distribution, Low Habitat Transformation, and Low Representation in Tropical Forests
			12.3.3 Wide Distribution, Moderate Habitat Transformation, and Moderate Representation in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests
			12.3.4 Species with the Widest Distribution, Moderate Habitat Transformation, and Moderate Representation in Tropical Forests
			12.3.5 Widely Distributed, Well Represented in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest
			12.3.6 Primarily Distributed in Tropical Forests with Major Habitat Transformation
			12.3.7 Restricted Distribution, Mainly in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest and High Habitat Transformation
			12.3.8 Restricted Distribution, Mostly in Tropical Forests and High Habitat Transformation
		12.4 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 13: Anchialine Fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula: Diversity and Conservation Challenges
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 The Yucatan Peninsula
		13.2 Faunal Account
			13.2.1 Species List
			13.2.2 Distribution Patterns
		13.3 Importance of the Anchialine Fauna of the YP
		13.4 The Future Conservation of the Anchialine Fauna of the YP
		13.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Mezcal Boom and Extinction Debts
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Problem Statement
		14.3 Sociological Setting
		14.4 The Agave Ecosystem
		14.5 Interdependence Among Species Through Biotic Interactions
		14.6 Mezcal Production and Extinction Debts
		References
	Chapter 15: Deep-Sea Life
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Analysis of the Current Conservation Status of Deep-Sea Biodiversity in Mexico and Their Habitats
		15.2 The Energy Sources That Support Deep-Sea Life
		15.3 Review of Existing Information of Life Below 200 m in Mexico
		15.4 Prognosis of Future Challenges and Expanding Threats Inherent in the Anthropocene
		15.5 The Context of the Unique Physical, Ecological, and Cultural Aspects of the Nation
		References
	Chapter 16: Mexican Fauna in Agroecosystems: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Directions
		16.1 Environmental Crisis Due to the Impact of Human Activities
		16.2 The Impact of Agroecosystems
		16.3 Mexican Agroecosystems
		16.4 Which Elements of Biodiversity May Benefit/Lose from Agroecosystems?
			16.4.1 Bats
			16.4.2 Birds
			16.4.3 Arthropods
		16.5 Effects of Agriculture on Ecosystem Services Provided by Wildlife in Mexico
			16.5.1 Native Fauna and Ecosystem Services in Agroecosystems
		16.6 Agroecosystems as Complementary Tools for Biodiversity Conservation: From Protected Areas to an Integral Management of Anthropized Habitat Matrices
		16.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 17: The Amphibians of the Mexican Montane Cloud Forest
		17.1 The Mexican Montane Cloud Forest
			17.1.1 Environments of the MCF
			17.1.2 MCF Distribution
			17.1.3 MCF Plant Composition
		17.2 Diversity
			17.2.1 Plethodontid Salamanders
			17.2.2 Hylid Frogs
			17.2.3 Robber Frogs
		17.3 Conservation Status of the MCF
		17.4 Conservation Status of Amphibians from the Mexican MCF
		17.5 Conservation Actions
		17.6 Projections and Challenges for the Future
		References
	Chapter 18: Human Impacts on Mexican Caves
		18.1 Distribution of Caves and Karst
		18.2 Biodiversity
		18.3 Human Impacts on Caves
		18.4 Review of Caves by Geographic Region
			18.4.1 Northwest Region
				18.4.1.1 Cueva El Tigre and Cueva de La Mariana, Sonora
			18.4.2 Northeast Region
				18.4.2.1 Cueva del Cañón El Buey, Coahuila
				18.4.2.2 Toxic Sink, Coahuila
				18.4.2.3 Cueva de la Boca, Nuevo León
				18.4.2.4 Sistema Purificación, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.5 Cueva de la Mina, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.6 Cueva de la Capilla, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.7 Grutas de Quintero, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.8 Cueva de El Abra, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.9 Cueva de la Florida, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.10 Cueva de El Pachón, Tamaulipas
				18.4.2.11 Sistema de los Sabinos, San Luis Potosí
				18.4.2.12 Sótano de Yerbaniz, San Luis Potosí
				18.4.2.13 Sótano del Médico, San Luis Potosí
			18.4.3 South Region
				18.4.3.1 Cave near Mezcala, Jalisco
				18.4.3.2 Cueva de la Isla de Janitzio, Michoacán
				18.4.3.3 Three Bat Caves in Guerrero: Grutas de Cacahuamilpa, Cueva Cuaxilotla, and Grutas de Juxtlahuaca
					Grutas de Cacahuamilpa, Guerrero
					Cueva Cuaxilotla, Guerrero
					Grutas de Juxtlahuaca, Guerrero
				18.4.3.4 Cueva Las Vegas, Puebla, Municipio Tenampulco
				18.4.3.5 Sistema Huautla, Oaxaca
				18.4.3.6 Cueva del Nacimiento del Río San Antonio, Oaxaca
				18.4.3.7 Cueva Cerro Huatulco, Oaxaca
				18.4.3.8 Cueva San Francisco, Chiapas
				18.4.3.9 Cueva de las Sardinas, Tabasco
			18.4.4 Yucatán Peninsula
				18.4.4.1 Volcán de los Murciélagos, Campeche
				18.4.4.2 Cenote Sambulá, Yucatán
				18.4.4.3 Cueva de El Pochote, Yucatán
				18.4.4.4 Cenote Dzitya, Yucatán
				18.4.4.5 Grutas de Balankanché, Yucatán
				18.4.4.6 Cueva (Cenote) Aerolito de Paraíso, Isla Cozumel, and Other Systems, Quintana Roo
		18.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		18.6 Conservation Guidelines
		References
	Chapter 19: Fauna of Inland Waters
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Hydrological Background
		19.3 The Anthropocene
		19.4 Fauna of Inland Waters
		19.5 Inland Water Ecosystems
			19.5.1 Lakes Chapala, Cuitzeo, and Pátzcuaro
			19.5.2 Lakes Totolcingo and Tepeyahualco
			19.5.3 Lakes of the Valle de Santiago
			19.5.4 Cuatro Ciénegas
			19.5.5 El Sol and La Luna
			19.5.6 The Montebello Lakes
			19.5.7 Lake Alchichica
		19.6 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Processes
	Chapter 20: Contemporary Climate Change Impacts on Mexican Fauna
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Contemporary Climate Change in Mexico
			20.2.1 Observed Climatic Changes
			20.2.2 Future Climate Change Exposure in Mexico
		20.3 Climate Change Impacts on the Mexican Biota
			20.3.1 Observed Impacts on Mexican Fauna
			20.3.2 Projected Impacts on Mexican Biota
		20.4 Major Knowledge Gaps and Research Opportunities
			20.4.1 Gaps in Baseline Climatologies
			20.4.2 Long-Term Population Monitoring and Retrospective Analyses
			20.4.3 New Modeling Approaches
		20.5 Recommendations for Conservation
		References
	Chapter 21: Invasive Alien Species of Invertebrates and Fishes Introduced Into Mexican Freshwater Habitats
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
			21.2.1 Platyhelminthes
			21.2.2 Nematodes
			21.2.3 Crustaceans
			21.2.4 Mollusks
			21.2.5 Fishes
		21.3 Final Comments
		References
	Chapter 22: Patterns of Distribution in Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fish of Mexico: Can We Detect Hotspots of Richness and Endemism?
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Material and Methods
		22.3 Results
			22.3.1 General
			22.3.2 Patterns of Richness
			22.3.3 Helminth Richness in Each Fish Family
			22.3.4 Endemicity
			22.3.5 Endemism by Fish Families
			22.3.6 Hotspots of Richness and Endemicity
			22.3.7 Latitudinal Ranges of Species and Genera
		22.4 Discussion
			22.4.1 General
			22.4.2 Richness and Endemism by Fish Families
			22.4.3 Nearctic Fauna
			22.4.4 Neotropical Fauna
			22.4.5 The Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico Helminth Components
			22.4.6 Hotspots of Richness and Endemism
		References
	Chapter 23: Comparison of Biomass of Exotic and Native Mammals Between Temperate and Tropical Forests of Mexico
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Monitoring Animal Presence and Abundance Using Camera Traps
		23.3 Differences in Abundance and Biomass
		23.4 Functional Groups
		23.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 24: Pollination by Wild and Managed Animal Vectors
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Present Knowledge of Wild and Managed Pollinators in Mexico
			24.2.1 Wild Pollinators
		24.3 Managed Pollinators
			24.3.1 Meliponiculture
			24.3.2 Bombiculture
				24.3.2.1 Potential Use of Native Bumble Bees for Pollination
			24.3.3 Biovectoring
		24.4 Pollinator Crisis and Main Threats
			24.4.1 Habitat Loss
			24.4.2 Pesticides
			24.4.3 Climate Change
			24.4.4 Exotic Pollinator Introductions
			24.4.5 Cultural Traditions
		24.5 Pollinator Conservation
			24.5.1 Conservation Status
			24.5.2 Conservation Strategies
		References
	Chapter 25: Origins and Coadaptation of Insect Pests from Wild to Domesticated Host Plants: Examples from Maize, Cotton, and Prickly Pear Cactus
		25.1 The Processes in the Emergence of Insect Pests on Cultivated Plants
		25.2 Origin and Coevolution of Maize and the Corn Leafhopper
		25.3 The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith): The Emergence of a Superpest
		25.4 Importance of Ancestral Pest Lineages as a Source of Natural Enemies and Phylogenetic History: An Example of the Cotton Boll Weevil
		25.5 From Biological Control Agent to Insect Pest: The Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, a Potential Exotic Invasive of Prickly Pear Cactus on the US-Mexico Border
		25.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 26: The Potential of the Parasite Fauna as an Indicator of Ecosystem Health in the Anthropized Environments of Mexico
		26.1 Introduction: Parasites Are Important to Ecosystems
		26.2 Discovering the Indicator Potential of Parasites for the Health of Ecosystems
		26.3 What Remains to Be Done?
		26.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 27: Citizen Science for Deep Ocean Biodiversity: A Crowdsourcing Tool in Support of Conservation
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Generalities of Citizen Science for Deep Ocean Biodiversity
		27.3 Trends of Recent Change in the Context of Mexico
		27.4 Analytical Tools and Methods that Allow Its Evaluation
		27.5 Citizen Science for Deep Ocean Biodiversity Conservation Actions
			27.5.1 Examples of Deep Ocean Conservation and Its Importance
			27.5.2 The Contributions of Citizen Science to Conservation
		27.6 Current Conservation Status of Major Fauna Groups in Mexico and Their Habitats
		27.7 Opportunities and Future Challenges in Citizen Science for Deep Ocean Biodiversity
		References
Index