Recent Advances in Graphene and Graphene-Based Technologies

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Editor biographies
		Dr Anoop Chandran, MSc, PhD
		Professor N V Unnikrishnan (MSc, PhD)
		Prof. M K Jayaraj (MSc, PhD)
		Dr Reenu Elizabeth John (MSc, MPhil, PhD)
		Mr Justin George (MSc)
	List of contributors
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Graphene: an introduction
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Atomic and electronic structure of graphene
		1.3 Properties of graphene
			1.3.1 Optical properties
			1.3.2 Mechanical properties
			1.3.3 Electronic properties
			1.3.4 Ferromagnetism in graphene
		1.4 Pristine graphene
		1.5 Characterization of graphene
			1.5.1 Atomic force microscopy of graphene
			1.5.2 Raman spectroscopy of graphene
			1.5.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) of graphene
			1.5.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of graphene
			1.5.5 Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) of graphene
			1.5.6 Electron microscopy of graphene (SEM, TEM, HRTEM)
		1.6 Defects in graphene
		1.7 Conclusions
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Synthesis methods of graphene
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Top-down approach
			2.2.1 Exfoliation and cleavage
			2.2.2 Chemical synthesis: reduction from graphene oxide
			2.2.3 Unzipping of carbon nanotubes
		2.3 Bottom-up approach
			2.3.1 Chemical vapour deposition
			2.3.2 Epitaxial growth on silicon carbide
			2.3.3 Pyrolysis
			2.3.4 Rapid thermal annealing
			2.3.5 Flash Joule heating
		2.4 Challenges and the way ahead
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Forms of graphene I—graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Synthesis
			3.2.1 GO synthesis
			3.2.2 Modifications in GO synthesis
			3.2.3 rGO synthesis
		3.3 Functionalization of GO and rGO
		3.4 Physical and chemical properties
			3.4.1 Structure
			3.4.2 Dispersibility
			3.4.3 Electrical conductivity
			3.4.4 Electrochemical properties
			3.4.5 Optical properties
			3.4.6 Magnetic properties
			3.4.7 Mechanical properties
		3.5 Characterization
		3.6 Applications
		3.7 Conclusions and perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Forms of graphene II: graphene quantum dots: properties, preparation and applications
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Properties of graphene quantum dots
			4.2.1 Structural properties
			4.2.2 Optical properties
			4.2.3 Electronic properties
		4.3 Synthesis
			4.3.1 Top-down strategy
			4.3.2 Bottom-up strategy
		4.4 Applications
			4.4.1 Energy related applications
			4.4.2 Biomedical applications
			4.4.3 Environmental applications
		4.5 Conclusions
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Forms of graphene III: graphene nano-ribbons: preparation, assessments, and shock absorption applications
		5.1 Introduction and survey: blast and shock
		5.2 Dynamic mechanical analysis
		5.3 Fractographic analysis
		5.4 Raman spectroscopic studies
		5.5 Signal processing investigations: pressure impulse interaction with GNR
		5.6 Conclusions
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Forms of graphene IV—functionalized graphene
		6.1 Brief introduction of functionalized graphene
		6.2 Energy applications of functionalized graphene
			6.2.1 Energy storage applications
			6.2.2 Energy conversion applications
		6.3 Biomedical applications of functionalized graphene
			6.3.1 Cytotoxicity of graphene-based materials
			6.3.2 Scaffolds for tissue engineering
			6.3.3 Scaffolds for neural tissue engineering
		6.4 Graphene-based materials for growth factor proteins delivery
		6.5 Conclusions
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Applications of graphene in electronics: graphene field effect transistors
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The carrier statistics and quantum capacitance
			7.2.1 The electrostatics: undoped pristine graphene
			7.2.2 The electrostatics: B-substitution doped graphene
			7.2.3 The electrostatics: N-substitution doped graphene
		7.3 Electronic transport properties
			7.3.1 Interaction parameter
			7.3.2 Mobility
		7.4 Modeling of monolayer GFETs
			7.4.1 The extensive drain current model for GFETs
			7.4.2 Metal insulator–graphene (MIG) equivalent circuit
			7.4.3 Self-consistent model
			7.4.4 Model validation
			7.4.5 Characteristics of GFETs
		7.5 Static linearity and nonlinearity analysis of GFETs
			7.5.1 Modeling of VN for doped GFETs
			7.5.2 Verilog-A implementation of GFETs
			7.5.3 Static nonlinearity transconductance model
			7.5.4 Harmonic and intermodulation distortions
			7.5.5 Gain compression and input intercept points
			7.5.6 Simulation setup
		7.6 Conclusions and future prospects
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Applications of graphene in electronics: graphene for energy storage applications
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Properties of graphene
			8.2.1 Physical properties
			8.2.2 Electrical properties
			8.2.3 Chemical properties
		8.3 Graphene in metal-ion batteries
			8.3.1 Lithium-ion batteries
			8.3.2 Sodium-ion batteries
		8.4 Metal–air batteries
			8.4.1 Lithium–air batteries
			8.4.2 Zinc–air batteries
		8.5 Supercapacitors
		8.6 Conclusions
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: nonlinear optical properties of graphene and its applications
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials
			9.2.1 Metals/graphene-based nanomaterials
			9.2.2 Graphene-based nanomaterials dispersed in various solvents
			9.2.3 Thin films of graphene-based nanomaterials
			9.2.4 2D nanomaterials/graphene-based nanomaterials
		9.3 Conclusions
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: Applications of graphene in surface-enhanced Raman scattering
		10.1 Introduction to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
		10.2 Enhancement mechanism
			10.2.1 The electromagnetic enhancement mechanisms
			10.2.2 The chemical enhancement mechanism
		10.3 Qualitative analysis of SERS substrate
		10.4 Applications of SERS
		10.5 Graphene-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
			10.5.1 Raman spectroscopy of graphene
			10.5.2 Graphene as a probe
			10.5.3 Graphene as SERS substrate
			10.5.4 Graphene–metal hybrid SERS substrate
		10.6 Conclusions
		References
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: applications of graphene in solar cells
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Working principle of a solar cell
		11.3 Types of solar cells
		11.4 Graphene applications in photovoltaic devices
			11.4.1 Transparent conducting anode
			11.4.2 Transparent conducting cathode (TCC)
			11.4.3 Catalytic counter electrodes (CCEs)
			11.4.4 Active layer
		11.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH012.pdf
	Chapter 12 Photonic and optoelectronic applications of graphene: graphene-based transparent conducting electrodes for LED/OLED
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Metrics of transparent conducting electrodes
			12.2.1 Optoelectronic property
			12.2.2 Figure of merit (FoM)
		12.3 Fabrication of graphene-based transparent conducting electrodes
			12.3.1 CVD-grown graphene TCEs
		12.4 Solution-processed graphene derivative-based TCEs
		12.5 Doped and layered graphene TCEs
		12.6 Graphene-based hybrid transparent conducting electrodes
			12.6.1 Hybrid TCEs of graphene with metal oxides and ultrathin metals
			12.6.2 Hybrid TCEs of graphene with conducting polymers and metal nanostructures
			12.6.3 Hybrid TCEs of graphene with carbon materials
		12.7 LEDs and OLEDs with graphene-based TCEs
		12.8 Summary and prospects
		References
CH013.pdf
	Chapter 13 Graphene-based sensors
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Graphene-based chemiresistive sensor
		13.3 Graphene-based strain sensor
		13.4 Graphene-based electrochemical sensor
		13.5 Graphene-based optical sensors
		13.6 Conclusions
		References
CH014.pdf
	Chapter 14 Graphene-based biosensors
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Electrical biosensors
			14.2.1 Electrical biosensors: types and characteristics
			14.2.2 Graphene-based electrical biosensors: applications
		14.3 Optical biosensors
			14.3.1 Optical biosensors: types and characteristics
			14.3.2 Graphene-based optical biosensors: applications
		14.4 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH015.pdf
	Chapter 15 Graphene membranes and coatings
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Graphene membranes
			15.2.1 Graphene membranes and graphene-based membranes
			15.2.2 Synthesis of membranes
			15.2.3 Use of graphene as a membrane
			15.2.4 Applications
		15.3 Graphene coatings
			15.3.1 Coating techniques
			15.3.2 Applications and advancements
		15.4 Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH016.pdf
	Chapter 16 Magnetism in graphene
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Theoretical background
		16.3 Magnetism due to sublattice inequality
			16.3.1 Vacancy defects
			16.3.2 Grain boundary
			16.3.3 Elemental substitution
		16.4 Magnetism from nanographene edge
			16.4.1 Graphene nanoribbons
			16.4.2 Graphene nanoflakes
		16.5 Doping induced magnetism in graphene
		16.6 Proximity-induced magnetism in graphene
		16.7 Magnetism in other two-dimensional materials
			16.7.1 Magnetism in two-dimensional p-electron systems
			16.7.2 Magnetism in two-dimensional d-electron systems
			16.7.3 Two-dimensional van der Waals magnets
		16.8 Summary and outlook
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH017.pdf
	Chapter 17 Graphene metamaterials
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Metamaterials
			17.2.1 Fabrication
			17.2.2 Design
			17.2.3 Characterization
		17.3 Graphene
			17.3.1 Tunability via electrical bias
			17.3.2 Tunability via photodoping
		17.4 Application of graphene-based metamaterials
			17.4.1 Imaging
			17.4.2 Communication
			17.4.3 Sensing
		17.5 Conclusions
		References
CH018.pdf
	Chapter 18 The way ahead for graphene-based technologies
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Global research initiatives
		18.3 Graphene-based products in the market
		18.4 Prospective applications and deadlocks
			18.4.1 2D materials in composites and additives
			18.4.2 Barriers and coatings
			18.4.3 Membranes for separations and water treatment
			18.4.4 Photocatalytic applications
			18.4.5 Beyond CMOS and spintronics applications
			18.4.6 Biomedical applications
		18.5 Standardization problems and new recommendations
		18.6 A roadmap for GRM technology
		References