Transfusion Medicine

Cover
Title Page
	Copyright Page
Contents
Contributors
Preface
	Chapter 1 History
	1.1 Ancient times
	1.2 The period 1500–1700
	1.3 The 1800s
	1.4 First transfusions in the United States
	1.5 The discovery of blood groups
	1.6 Anticoagulation
	1.7 Modern blood banking and blood banks
	1.8 Cadaver blood
	1.9 The Rh blood group system and prevention of Rh immunization
	1.10 Coombs and antiglobulin serum
	1.11 Plasma and the blood program during World War II
	1.12 Plastic bags and blood components
	1.13 Cryoprecipitate and factor VIII
	1.14 Red cell preservation
	1.15 Leukocyte antigens and antibodies
	1.16 Platelet collection, storage, and transfusion
	1.17 Apheresis
	1.18 Granulocyte transfusions
	1.19 Summary
	References
	Chapter 2 The Blood Supply
	2.1 Worldwide blood supply
		US blood supply
	2.2 Amount of blood collected
		Platelet production
		Plasma production for transfusion
	2.3 Management of the blood supply
	2.4 Other activities of community blood centers
	2.5 The plasma collection system
		Plasma definitions
		Federally licensed plasma collection and manufacturing organizations
		Plasma collection activity
	2.6 Nongovernmental blood bank organizations
		AABB, formerly the American Association of Blood Bank
		America’s Blood Centers
		Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association
	2.7 World Health Organization
	2.8 Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
	2.9 International Society for Blood Transfusion
	2.10 Regulation of the blood supply system
		US Federal Regulation
		Other required licensure
		Voluntary accreditation of blood banks
		College of American Pathologists Accreditation Program
	References
	Chapter 3 Recruitment of Blood Donors
	3.1 Demographic characteristics of blood donors
		Gender
		Age
		Race/Ethnicity
		Education and socioeconomic characteristics
		Employment
		Other social characteristics
	3.2 Motivation of whole blood donors
		Psychosocial theories applicable to blood donation
		Integrated model
		Theory of planned behavior
		Giving and not giving
	3.3 The donation experience and factors that influence continued donation
		Social influences on blood donation and social media
		Family history of donation or blood use
		The donation situation
		Organizational influences
		Role of incentives
	3.4 Whole blood donor recruitment strategies
	3.5 Apheresis donor recruitment
	3.6 Bone marrow donors
	References
	Chapter 4 Blood Donor Medical Assessment, Collection, and Complications
	4.1 Blood collection
	4.2 Medical assessment of whole blood donors
		Registration
		Obtaining medical history
		Patients with hemochromatosis as blood donors
		Physical examination of the blood donor
		Special blood donations
	4.3 Collection of whole blood
		Labeling
		Blood bags
		Anticoagulant preservative solutions
		Selection of the vein and preparation of the venipuncture site
		Venipuncture
		Blood collection
	4.4 Postdonation care and adverse reactions to blood donation
		Postdonation care
		Adverse reactions
		Severe reactions to blood donation
		Seizures
		Nerve injuries
		Hematoma, arterial puncture, and thrombosis
	4.5 Therapeutic bleeding
	4.6 Medical assessment of apheresis donors
		General assessment
		Plateletpheresis donors
		Red cell loss
		Blood volume shifts
		Potential complications of serial donations
		Platelet depletion
		Leukapheresis donors
		Plasmapheresis donors
		Allogeneic donors for hematopoietic cell transplantation
		Physical examination of apheresis donors
	4.7 Adverse reactions in apheresis donors
		General
		Vasovagal reactions
		Anticoagulation
		Citrate toxicity
		Circulatory effects
		Air embolus
		Hematoma
		Mechanical hemolysis
		Platelet depletion or damage
		Lymphocyte depletion
		Complications unique to granulocyte donation
		Complications unique to plasmapheresis
		Complications unique to mononuclear cell apheresis for collection of peripheral blood stem cells
	References
	Chapter 5 Preparation, Storage, and Characteristics of Whole Blood, Blood Components, and Plasma Derivatives
	5.1 Whole blood preparation and storage
	5.2 Preparation of blood components from whole blood
		Anticoagulant–preservative solutions
		Blood processing for the preparation of components
		Red blood cells
		Frozen or deglycerolized red blood cells
	Leukocyte-reduced red blood cells
		Fresh frozen plasma
		Liquid plasma (never frozen)
	5.3 Cryoprecipitate
		Description of component
		Thawing
	5.4 Platelet concentrates—whole blood
		Description of component
	5.5 Granulocytes
	5.6 Irradiation of blood components
	5.7 Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
	5.8 Plasma derivatives
		General
		Coagulation factor concentrates
		Fibrinogen
		Immune serum globulins
	5.9 Pathogen-inactivated blood components
		Solvent–detergent plasma (Octaplas)
		Fresh frozen plasma
		Platelets
		Red cells
	5.10 Universal red cells
		Enzymatic cleavage of ABO and Rh antigen
		Masking ABO antigens
	5.11 Blood substitutes
		Potential clinical uses and impact of hemoglobin substitutes
	References
	Chapter 6 Production of Components by Apheresis
	6.1 Apheresis instruments
		Fresenius Kabi Amicus Separator
		Fresenius Kabi Alyx
		Terumo Trima Accel
		Haemonetics Instruments
	6.2 Plateletpheresis
	Single-donor platelet concentrates
		Function and storage of platelets obtained by apheresis
	6.3 Erythrocytapheresis
	6.4 Leukapheresis for the collection of granulocytes
		Hydroxyethyl starch in leukapheresis
	Stimulation of donors with corticosteroid or G-CSF prior to leukapheresis
		Filtration leukapheresis
		Function of granulocytes obtained by leukapheresis
		Storage of granulocytes for transfusion
		Donor–recipient matching for granulocyte transfusion
	6.5 Leukapheresis for the collection of mononuclear cells
	6.6 Leukapheresis for the collection of peripheral blood stem cells
		Collection procedures
		Effects of peripheral blood stem cell collection on normal donors
		Characteristics of the peripheral blood stem cell concentrates
		Quality control of peripheral blood stem cell concentrates
		Storage of peripheral blood stem cells
	6.7 Donor selection and complications of cytapheresis in normal donors
	6.8 Plasmapheresis and source plasma
	References
	Chapter 7 Laboratory Testing of Donated Blood
	7.1 Background
	7.2 Safety of the blood supply
	7.3 Blood component testing
		ABO typing
		Rh typing
		Red blood cell antibody detection
		ABO antibody titers
		Direct antiglobulin testing
	7.4 Testing for transmissible diseases
		General concepts of infectious disease testing
		Testing in resource‐limited settings
		Managing the results of infectious disease testing
		HIV testing
		Hepatitis B testing
		Hepatitis C testing
	Human T-cell lymphotropic virus testing
		West Nile virus testing
		Zika virus testing
		Testing for babesiosis
		Syphilis testing
		Chagas’ disease testing
		Cytomegalovirus testing
		Bacterial testing of platelets
	7.5 Other laboratory testing
		HLA antibody testing
		Extended blood group antigen typing
		Role of platelet antigen typing
		Role of platelet serology
		Parvovirus and hepatitis A virus testing
		Hemoglobin S testing
		Screening donors for IgA deficiency
	7.6 Summary
	References
	Chapter 8 Blood Groups
	8.1 Red blood cell antigens and groups
	8.2 ABO system
		Genes and composition
		A and B subgroups
		Bombay type
		Antigen distribution and subgroups
		Antibodies of the ABH system
	8.3 The Rh system
		Discovery
		Nomenclature and genetics
		Structure and composition of the D antigen
		Weak D, D variant, Du, and partial D
		Rh null type
		Rh antibodies
	8.4 Other red cell blood groups
		Kell system
		Duffy system
		Kidd system
		Lutheran system
		MNSs system
		P system
		Lewis system
		LW system
		Diego (Di)
		Cartwright (Yt)
		XG system
		Dombrock (Do)
		Scianna (Sc)
		Colton (Co)
		Rogers (Rg) and Chido (Ch)
		Gerbich (Ge)
		Cromer (Cr)
		Knops (Kn)
		Indian (In)
		OK system
		RAPH system
		JMH system
		GIL
		Ii blood group antigens
		Human leukocyte antigen
	8.5 Antibodies to red cell antigens
	8.6 Function of molecules containing red cell antigens
		Red cell structure
		Red cell function
		Receptors and adhesion molecules
		Transport protein
		Complement regulatory molecules
		Enzymatic activity
		Microbial receptor
	8.7 Platelets
	8.8 Granulocytes
	References
	Chapter 9 Laboratory Detection of Blood Groups and Provision of Red Cells
	9.1 Immunologic mechanisms of red cell destruction
	9.2 Methods of detecting red cell antibody–antigen reactions
		Factors that affect agglutination
		Direct agglutination
		Techniques to enhance red cell antibody detection
		Techniques for detecting red cell antigen–antibody reactions
	9.3 The antiglobulin test
	Anti-human globulin serum
		The indirect antiglobulin (indirect Coombs) test
		The direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test
	9.4 Red cell compatibility testing
		Positive identification of recipient and blood sample
		Review of transfusion service records for results of previous testing of samples from the recipient
		Medication and Biologicals
		ABO and Rh typing
		Antibody detection (screening) test
		Selection of blood components of appropriate ABO and Rh types
		The crossmatch
		Labeling and issue of the appropriate blood products
	9.5 Red cell antibody identification
		Chemical or enzymatic modification of test red cells
		Elution
		Adsorption
		Neutralizing or inhibitor substances
		Sulfhydryl reagents for distinguishing IgG from IgM antibodies
	9.6 Strategies for making red cells available for transfusion
		Blood availability
		Standard or maximum surgical blood ordering
		Type and screen
		Emergency “crossmatch”
		Uncrossmatched red cells
		Factors that influence blood availability
	9.7 Approach to the patient with an incompatible crossmatch
	9.8 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
		Laboratory investigation
		Monitoring the at‐risk fetus
		Prevention of HDFN–Rh immune globulin
		Weak D phenotype
	9.9 Platelet compatibility
		Selection of ABO and Rh type for platelet transfusion
		Platelet refractoriness
	9.10 Granulocyte compatibility
		Compatibility testing for granulocyte transfusion
	References
	Chapter 10 Clinical Uses of Blood Components
	10.1 Blood component therapy
	10.2 Transfusion of components that contain red blood cells
		Physiology in red cell transfusion decisions
		The red blood cell transfusion trigger (threshold)
		Clinical uses of red cells
		Bloodless medicine
		Uses of specific red blood cell components
	10.3 Transfusion of components and derivatives that contain coagulation factors
		Fresh frozen plasma
	24-Hour plasma
		Plasma
		Thawed plasma
	Pathogen-reduced plasma
	Lyophilized or freeze-dried plasma
		Cryoprecipitate
	Blood-derived local hemostatic agents (fibrin sealant or glue)
		Deficiency of multiple coagulation factors
		Deficiency of single coagulation factors
		Blood group compatibility of components used to replace coagulation factors
	10.4 Transfusion of platelets
		Prevention of bleeding (prophylaxis)
		Treatment of active bleeding
		Prophylaxis for invasive procedures
		Outcome of platelet transfusion
		Strategies for managing patients refractory to platelet transfusion
	10.5 Granulocyte transfusion
	10.6 Cytomegalovirus-safe blood components
		Neonates
		Pregnant women
		Hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation
		Kidney transplantation
		Heart, heart–lung, liver, and pancreas transplantation
		Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
		Severe combined immune deficiency (congenital)
		Patients receiving extensive chemotherapy
	10.7 Graft-versus-host disease
		Irradiation of blood components
		Storage of irradiated components
		Quality control of irradiation
	Leukocyte depletion to prevent graft-versus-host disease
	Pathogen inactivation and prevention of graft-versus-host disease
		Indications for irradiated components
	References
	Chapter 11 Transfusion Therapy in Specific Clinical Situations
	11.1 Acute blood loss and trauma
		Physiology of blood loss
		Blood bank/transfusion service procedures
		Changing blood types
		Massive transfusion
		Coagulopathy in massive transfusion
		Thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM)
		Trauma
		Recombinant activated factor VII for acute blood loss
		Hemoglobin function
		Hypocalcemia
		Hypothermia
		Acid–base balance
		Microaggregates
		Plasticizers
		Electrolytes
		Blood samples for laboratory tests
	11.2 Cardiovascular surgery
		Stored red blood cells in cardiovascular surgery patients
		Autologous blood in cardiac surgery
		Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
	11.3 Hematopoietic cell transplantation
		Before hematopoietic cell transplantation
		After hematopoietic cell transplantation
		Complications
	ABO- and Rh-incompatible transplants
		Immune cytopenias following marrow transplantation
		Cytomegalovirus
	11.4 Solid organ transplantation
		Blood group antibodies following solid organ transplantation
	11.5 Transfusion of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
	11.6 Neonates
		Red blood cell transfusions
		Pretransfusion testing
	Cytomegalovirus-negative blood components
	Irradiated, leukocyte-reduced, and cytomegalovirus-seronegative blood components
	Transfusion of patients with T-activation
		Platelet transfusions
		Granulocyte transfusions
		Exchange transfusion of the neonate
	11.7 Pediatric patients
		Techniques of transfusion
	11.8 Transfusion therapy in hemoglobinopathies
		Sickle cell disease
	11.9 Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease
		Hemophilia A and B
		von Willebrand disease
	11.10 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
		Decision to transfuse
	11.11 Pregnant women
	11.12 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
		Anemia
		Thrombocytopenia
		Leukopenia
		Lupus anticoagulant
		Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
	11.13 Transfusing patients with IgA deficiency
	11.14 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
	11.15 Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
	11.16 Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia
	11.17 Autoimmune neutropenia
	11.18 Rare blood types
	References
	Chapter 12 Patient Blood Management
	12.1 Evidence-based guidelines for transfusion
	12.2 Physician and health professional education program
	12.3 Mechanism to monitor blood use and adherence to guidelines
		Transfusion Safety Officer
	12.4 Preoperative Anemia
	12.5 Preoperative autologous blood donation
		Medical requirements and evaluation for autologous blood donation
		Collection processing and storage of autologous blood
		Adverse reactions to autologous blood donation
		Laboratory testing of autologous blood
		Donation of autologous blood by patients known to be infectious
		Use of erythropoietin to increase autologous blood donation
		Indications for transfusion of preoperative autologous donated blood
	Cost-effectiveness
		Complications of transfusion of autologous blood
	12.6 Acute normovolemic hemodilution
	12.7 Intraoperative blood salvage
		Development of blood salvage
		Devices used for intraoperative blood salvage
	12.8 Postoperative blood salvage
	12.9 Use of hemostatic agents to minimize transfusion
	12.10 Limiting blood loss for laboratory testing
	12.11 Directed-donor blood
	12.12 Patient-specific donation
	12.13 Minimal donor exposure programs
	References
	Chapter 13 Pediatric Transfusion Medicine
	13.1 Neonates
		Neonates
		Red blood cell transfusions
		Pretransfusion testing
		Red cell products used for neonatal transfusion
	Transfusion of patients with T-activation
		Platelet transfusions
		Granulocyte transfusions
		Exchange transfusion of the neonate
	13.2 Pediatric patients
	13.3 Modifications of blood products for neonates/children
		Minimal donor exposure programs
	Cytomegalovirus-safe blood components
		Irradiated blood components
	13.4 Transfusion techniques in children and neonates
		Techniques of transfusion
	13.5 Special scenarios in pediatric transfusion medicine
		Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
		Prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn–Rh immune globulin
		Rh typing
		Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
		Neonatal alloimmune neutropenia
	References
	Chapter 14 Pathogen Reduced Blood Products
	14.1 Pathogen Reduction Technologies
		Methylene blue
		Solvent–detergent
		Amotosalen ultraviolet light
		Riboflavin ultraviolet light
		Ultraviolet C light
	S-303
	14.2 Toxicity of compounds used for pathogen inactivation
	14.3 Immunologic effects
	Prevention of graft-versus-host disease
		Alloimmunization
	14.4 Factors that influence transmission of infection
	14.5 Microbial killing capacity of pathogen reduction therapy technologies
		Amotosalen/Ultraviolet
		Riboflavin for platelets and plasma
		Riboflavin for whole blood
	S-303
		Ultraviolet C
	14.6 Pathogen reduced blood products
		Plasma
		Ultraviolet C light
	14.7 Pathogen reduced platelet products
		Ultraviolet C–treated platelets
	Amotosalen-treated platelets
	Riboflavin-treated platelets
	14.8 Red cells and whole blood
		Riboflavin
	S-303
	14.9 Conclusions from in vitro and animal and observational human studies
	14.10 Clinical trials of pathogen reduced components
		Platelets
		Plasma
		Red cells
		Summary of clinical trials
	References
	Chapter 15 Techniques of Blood Transfusion
	15.1 Obtaining consent for transfusion
	15.2 Venous access and the venipuncture
	15.3 Transportation and storage of blood
	15.4 Identification of the patient and blood component
	15.5 Blood administration sets and filters
	15.6 Infusion Devices
		Infusion pumps
		Pressure devices
		Blood warmers
	15.7 Infusion solutions
	15.8 Starting the transfusion
	15.9 Rate and duration of transfusion
	15.10 Nursing care of patients receiving a transfusion
	15.11 Transfusion techniques for neonates and infants
	15.12 Transfusion of hematopoietic stem cell products
	15.13 Transfusion in the nonhospital setting
	References
	Chapter 16 Complications of Transfusion
	16.1 Immunologic complications of transfusion resulting in transfusion reactions
		Hemolytic transfusion reactions
		Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
		Hemolysis due to passenger lymphocyte syndrome
	16.2 Nonimmunologic hemolysis mimicking a transfusion reaction
	16.3 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions
	16.4 Allergic reactions
	16.5 Pulmonary reactions, acute lung injury, and transfusion-related acute lung injury
	16.6 Anaphylactic reactions
	16.7 Hypotensive reactions
	16.8 Reactions to platelet transfusions
	16.9 Reactions to granulocyte transfusions
	16.10 Reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood components
	16.11 Signs, symptoms, and management of a transfusion reaction
		Signs and symptoms of a transfusion reaction
		Initial steps in the management of a transfusion reaction
		Initial treatment of a transfusion reaction
	16.12 Immunologic complications of transfusion
		Immunization to blood group antigens
		Alloimmunization to red cells
		Alloimmunization affecting platelet transfusion
		Alloimmunization following granulocyte transfusion
	Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
	Transfusion-related immune modulation
		Alteration of graft survival
		Increased susceptibility to recurrence of malignancy
		Increased susceptibility to infection
	Long-term mortality
		Microchimerism
	16.13 Nonimmunologic complications of blood transfusion
		Hypothermia
		Citrate toxicity
		Bleeding tendency
		Clotting tendency
		Electrolyte and acid–base imbalance
		Circulatory overload
		Iron overload
		Embolism
	16.14 Passive transfer of hypersensitivity
	References
	Chapter 17 Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases
	17.1 Syphilis
	17.2 Hepatitis
		Hepatitis A
		Hepatitis B
	Non-A, non-B hepatitis and surrogate testing
		Hepatitis C
	Other hepatitis-related viruses
		Hepatitis G
		Hepatitis E virus
		TT virus
		SEN virus
	17.3 HIV infection and AIDS
		HIV laboratory screening tests
	HIV-1 antibody tests
	Risk of acquiring HIV by transfusion of anti-HIV-negative blood (window phase)
		HIV antigen testing
		Nucleic acid amplification testing
	Risk of acquiring HIV infection from transfusion of anti-HIV-1-positive blood
		Effect of transfusion on AIDS
	17.4 Other transfusion-transmitted viruses
		Cytomegalovirus
	Human T-lymphotropic virus I and II
		Parvovirus
		Epstein–Barr virus
		West Nile virus
		Zika virus
		Toscana virus
		Human herpesvirus 6 and 8
		Chikungunya virus
		Simian foamy virus
		Dengue virus
	17.5 Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections
	17.6 Transfusion-transmitted parasitic and tick-borne diseases
		Malaria
		Chagas’ disease
	Tick-borne diseases
		Babesiosis
		Granulocyte anaplasmosis
		Lyme disease
		Rocky mountain spotted fever
		Leishmaniasis
	17.7 Other issues with transfusion‐transmitted infections
	Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy
	Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
		Influenza
	SARS-CoV-2
	17.8 Other diseases of interest
	17.9 Introduction of new tests
	References
	Chapter 18 The HLA System in Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation
	18.1 The HLA system
		Genomic organization of the human major histocompatibility complex
		HLA haplotypes
		Tissue expression of HLA
		Structure and polymorphism of HLA molecules
		Immunologic role of HLA molecules: peptide presentation
	18.2 Clinical HLA testing for transplantation
		Serologic typing of HLA antigens
		Molecular typing of HLA alleles
		HLA allele nomenclature
		HLA antibody screening and lymphocyte crossmatch
	18.3 The human minor histocompatibility antigens
	18.4 The HLA system and transplantation
		Solid organ transplantation
		Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
		Transfusion practice in stem cell transplantation
	18.5 The HLA system in transfusion therapy
		HLA alloimmunization
		Refractoriness to platelet transfusion
	Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
		Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
		Granulocyte transfusion
	Transfusion-related acute lung injury
		Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
		HLA–disease association
		Parentage HLA testing
	18.6 Conclusion and summary
	References
	Chapter 19 Cellular Engineering: Hematopoietic Transplant, Immune Cell Therapy, and Regenerative Medicine
	19.1 Hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells
		Increasing variety of sources of hematopoietic stem cells
		Hematopoietic stem cells
		Marrow
		Peripheral blood stem cells
		Umbilical cord blood
		Hematopoietic stem cell preservation
	19.2 General hematopoietic cellular engineering processes
		Cell depletion
		CD34+ cell enrichment
		Expansion
	19.3 Umbilical cord blood banking
	19.4 Adoptive immunotherapy
	Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
	Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells
	T-cell receptor–engineered T-cells
	T-regulatory cells
		Natural killer and activated natural killer cells
		Peripheral blood mononuclear cells: donor leukocyte infusion
		Dendritic cells
	Virus-specific T-cells
	19.5 Gene therapy for hereditary immune deficiencies and hemoglobin disorders
	19.6 Immunotherapy for immune diseases
		Autoimmune diseases
	19.7 Mesenchymal stromal cells
	19.8 Platelet-rich plasma
	19.9 Regulation of cellular engineering
	19.10 Quality assurance and good manufacturing practices for cellular engineering
	References
	Chapter 20 Therapeutic Apheresis
	20.1 Clinical uses of plasma exchange
		Neurologic diseases
		Guillain–Barré syndrome
		Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
		Monoclonal gammopathies
		Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
		Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
		Myasthenia gravis
		Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
		Renal diseases
		Hematologic diseases
		Autoimmune hemolytic anemias
		Alloimmune platelet refractoriness
		Posttransfusion purpura
		Red cell aplasia
		Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
		Coagulation factor inhibitors
		Solid organ transplantation
		Collagen vascular diseases
		Other miscellaneous diseases
	20.2 Plasma exchange
		Vascular access for plasma exchange
		Techniques of plasma exchange
		Replacement solutions
		Biochemical changes following plasma exchange
		Complications of plasma exchange
		Red cell depletion
	20.3 Red cell exchange or erythrocytapheresis
	20.4 Therapeutic cytapheresis
		Myelogenous leukemias
		Thrombocytosis
		Collection of mononuclear cells for autologous and allogeneic treatments
		Complications of cytapheresis
	20.5 Photopheresis
	20.6 Therapeutic apheresis using selective adsorption columns
		Familial hypercholesterolemia
		Lipoprotein(a) hyperlipoproteinemia
		Autoimmune disease treated with dextran sulfate columns
		Immune disease treated with staphylococcal protein A columns
		Therapeutic apheresis in children
	References
	Chapter 21 Quality Programs in Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine
	21.1 Quality improvement systems and high reliability
	21.2 Quality assurance in the blood supply system
		Good Manufacturing Practices
		International Organization for Standardization
		American Association of Blood Banks quality program
		Organization and leadership
		Facilities work environment and safety
		Human resources
		Customer focus
		Equipment
		Supplies and material management
		Documents and records
		Labeling
		Records management
		Computers and information systems
		Management of nonconforming events in blood product manufacture
		Monitoring and assessment
		Process improvement
	21.3 Errors in transfusion medicine
	21.4 Quality assurance in transfusion therapy
		Blood supply
		Hospital transfusion service operations
		Transfusion procedures for blood and components
		Quality assurance in patient therapy
	21.5 Summary
	References
Index
EULA